Professor emeritus, Department of Political Studies and Centre for International and Defence Policy, Queen's University
Publications
Books and Monographs
金·理查德·诺萨尔 [KRN], 斯特凡·鲁塞尔 [Stéphane Roussel], 斯特凡·帕奎因 [Stéphane Paquin], 加拿大对外政策与政治 [Canada’s Foreign Policy and Politics], translation of International Policy and Politics in Canada (Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2018), xxiii, 381 pp.
KRN, Stéphane Roussel, and Stéphane Paquin, The Politics of Canadian Foreign Policy, 4th ed. (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015), xxvi, 396 pp.
KRN, Stéphane Roussel, et Stéphane Paquin, Politique internationale et défense au Canada et au Québec (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2007), 646 pp; published in English as International Policy and Politics in Canada (Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011).
The Patterns of World Politics (Scarborough, ON: Prentice Hall Allyn & Bacon Canada, 1998), xxvii, 532 pp.
The Politics of Canadian Foreign Policy, 3rd ed. (Scarborough, ON: Prentice Hall Canada, 1997); 1st ed. 1985; 2nd ed. 1989; xxiii, 358 pp.
KRN and Carolynn Vivian, A Brief Madness: Australia and the Resumption of French Nuclear Testing, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence 121 (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1997), 65 pp.
Rain Dancing: Sanctions in Canadian and Australian Foreign Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), xviii, 323 pp.
The Beijing Massacre: Australian Responses, Australian Foreign Policy Papers (Canberra: Department of International Relations, Australian National University, 1993), 72 pp.
Edited Collections
William G. Braun III, Stéfanie von Hlatky, and KRN, eds., A Changing International Order? Implications for the Security Environment, Kingston Conference on International Security Series, 2019, 137 pp., https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/923/
William G. Braun III, Stéfanie von Hlatky and KRN, eds., The Return of Deterrence: Credibility and Capabilities in a New Era, Kingston Conference on International Security Series, 2018, 115 pp., https://www.queensu.ca/kcis/publications/2018-return-deterrence.
A. Scott Carson and KRN, eds., A Canadian Healthcare Innovation Agenda: Policy, Governance, and Strategy (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2018), xxvi, 251 pp.
William G. Braun III, Stéfanie von Hlatky and KRN, eds., Engagement Between Peace and War: How Soldiers and Military Institutions Adapt, Kingston Conference on International Security Series, 2017, 93 pp.
A. Scott Carson and KRN, eds., Managing a Canadian Healthcare Strategy (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016), xv, 256 pp.
William G. Braun III, Stéfanie von Hlatky, and KRN, eds., Engagement Between Peace and War: How Soldiers and Military Institutions Adapt, Kingston Conference on International Security Series, 2016, 93 pp.
A. Scott Carson, Jeffrey Dixon and KRN, eds., Toward a Healthcare Strategy for Canadians (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015), xvii, 276 pp.
William G. Braun III, Stéfanie von Hlatky, and KRN, eds., Robotics and Military Operations, Kingston Conference on International Security Series, 2015, 59 pp., https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/399.
Lauren McKinsey and KRN, eds., America’s Alliances and Canadian-American Relations (Toronto: Summerhill Press, 1988), 223 pp.
Ed., An Acceptance of Paradox: Essays on Canadian Diplomacy in Honour of John W. Holmes (Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1982), xii, 204 pp.
“The Imperatives of Canada’s Strategic Geography,” in Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice eds. Thomas Juneau, Philippe Lagassé, and Srdjan Vucetic (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020): 11–28.
“The Kin-Country Thesis Revisited,” in The ‘Clash of Civilizations’ 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal, ed. Davide Orsi (Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing, 2018), 63–75.
“Canada and the General Assembly: A Global Bully Pulpit,” in Canada and the United Nations: Legacies, Limits, Prospects, eds. Colin McCullough and Robert Teigrob (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016), 161–82.
Jean-Christophe Boucher and KRN, “Did Minority Government Matter? Thinking Counterfactually about the Canadian Mission in Afghanistan,” in The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics and Canada’s Global Posture, eds. Adam Chapnick and Christopher J. Kukucha (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2016), 73–88.
“Toujours la politesse? The ‘Impolite No’ on Iraq in Historical Perspective,” in Australia, Canada, and Iraq: Perspectives on an Invasion, eds. Ramesh Thakur and Jack Cunningham (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2015), 228–46.
Jean-Christophe Boucher and KRN, “Lessons Learned? Public Opinion and the Afghanistan Mission,” in Canada Among Nations, 2015: Elusive Pursuits, eds. Fen Osler Hampson and Stephen Saideman (Waterloo: Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2015), 73–93.
“Shadows of the Past: Commemorating the Fallen in Australia and Canada,” in Australia and Canada in Afghanistan: Perspectives on a Mission, eds. Jack Cunningham and William Maley (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2015), 186–217.
“A Conservative Foreign Policy? Canada and Australia Compared,” in James Farney and David Rayside, eds., Conservatism in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013), 139–64.
“The Use—and Misuse—of R2P: The Case of Canada,” in Aidan Hehir and Robert Murray, eds., Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 110-29.
“Canada’s Minervian Moment: Global Activism and Domestic Politics,” in Yves Tiberghien, ed., Leadership in Global Institution-Building: Minerva’s Rule (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 49-64.
“A Canadian Department of Global Affairs?” in Janice Gross Stein, ed., Diplomacy in the Digital Age: Essays in Honour of Ambassador Allan Gotlieb (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2011), 141-54.
“Las consecuencias del 11 de Septiembre para Canadá,” in María Cristina Rosas, ed., Terrorismo, Democracia y Seguridad – 11 de septiembre: diez años después (México DF: Universidad National Autónoma de México, 2011), 89–108 (translated).
“Understanding Canadian Defence Policy,” in Duane Bratt and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds., Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Oxford University Press Canada, 2011), 303–315.
“‘Middlepowerhood’ and ‘Middlepowermanship’ in Canadian Foreign Policy,” in Nikola Hynek and David Bosold, eds., Canada’s Foreign and Security Policy: Soft and Hard Strategies of a Middle Power (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2010), 20-34
“No Exit: Canada and the ‘War without End’ in Afghanistan,” in Hans-Georg Ehrhart and Charles C. Pentland, eds., The Afghanistan Challenge: Hard Realities and Strategic Choices (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009), 157-73
Ann Capling and KRN, “The Contradictions of Regionalism in North America,” Review of International Studies 35:S1 (February 2009): 147-67; also published in Rick Fawn, ed., Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
“Anti-Americanism in Canada,” in Brendon O’Connor, ed., Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes, vol. 3: Comparative Perspectives (Oxford/Westport: Greenwood World Publishing, 2007), 59-76.
Nelson Michaud and KRN, “Out of the Blue: The Mulroney Legacy in Foreign Policy,” in Raymond B. Blake, ed., Transforming the Nation: Canada and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney ( Montreal and Kingston : McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007), 113-31.
“World Politics: Global Anarchy, Global Governance,” in Rand Dyck , ed., Studying Politics: An Introduction to Political Science, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2006), 375-94.
“Looking Enviously Down Under? The Australian Experience and Canadian Foreign Policy,” in Andrew F. Cooper and Dane Rowlands, eds., Canada Among Nations 2005: Split Images ( Kingston and Montreal : McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005), 79-92.
Ann Capling and KRN,“The Third Sector Meets the National Security State : The Anti-Globalization Movement in Canada after 9/11,” in Kathy Brock, ed., Delicate Dances: Public Policy and the Nonprofit Sector (Montréal and Kingston : McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003), 275-96.
“Canadian Foreign Policy after 9/11: Realignment, Reorientation or Reinforcement?” in Lenard Cohen, Brian Job and Alexander Moens, eds., Foreign Policy Realignment in the Age of Terror (Toronto : Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 2003), 20–34.
Ann Capling and KRN, “The Limits of Like-Mindedness: Australia , Canada , and Multilateral Trade,” in Margaret MacMillan and Francine McKenzie , eds., Parties Long Estranged: Canada and Australia in the Twentieth Century ( Vancouver : UBC Press, 2003), 229-48.
“Canada and the United States in a Hyperpower Era,” in Ann L. Griffiths, ed., The Canadian Forces and Interoperability: Panacea or Perdition? ( Halifax : Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University , 2002), 172-81.
“World Politics: Global Anarchy, Global Governance,” in Rand Dyck, ed., Studying Politics: An Introduction to Political Science (Toronto : Thomson Nelson, 2002), 369-88.
“Smarter, Sharper, Stronger? UN Sanctions and Conflict Diamonds in Angola ,” in Andrew F. Cooper and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Enhancing Global Governance: Towards a New Diplomacy? (Tokyo : United Nations University Press, 2002), 248-67.
“Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater? Huntington’s ‘Kin-Country’ Thesis and Australian-Canadian Relations,” in Linda Cardinal and David Headon, eds., Shaping Nations: Constitutionalism and Society in Australia and Canada (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2002), 167–81
Nelson Michaud and KRN, “Introduction: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-1993,” and “Conclusion: Diplomatic Departures? Assessing the Conservative Era in Foreign Policy,” in Michaud and Nossal, eds., Diplomatic Departures, 3–24, 290–95.
“Opening up the Policy Process: Does Party Make a Difference?” in Michaud and Nossal, eds., Diplomatic Departures, 276–89.
“Conclusion: The Decline of the Atlanticist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy,” in George A. MacLean, ed., Between Actor and Presence: The European Union and the Future for the Transatlantic Relationship (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2001), 223-34.
“Ce qu’il est préférable de taire : Le Canada et l’élargissement de l’OTAN,” Cahiers d’histoire 20:2 (hiver 2001), 99-117. (Translated).
KRN and Stéphane Roussel, “Canada and the Kosovo War: The Happy Follower,” in Pierre Martin and Mark R. Brawley, eds., Alliance Politics, Kosovo, and NATO’s War: Allied Force or Forced Allies? (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 181-99.
“Life with Uncle Revisited: The United States and the Issue of Leadership,” in David G. Haglund, ed., The France-US Leadership Race: Closely Watched Allies (Kingston: Queen’s Quarterly Press, 2000), 157-79.
“Mission Diplomacy and the ‘Cult of the Initiative’ in Canadian Foreign Policy,” in Andrew F. Cooper and Geoffrey Hayes, eds., Worthwhile Initiatives? Canadian Mission-Oriented Diplomacy (Toronto: Irwin, 2000), 1-12.
“Liberal-Democratic Regimes, International Sanctions, and Global Governance,” in Raimo Väyrynen, ed., Global Governance and Enforcement: Issues and Strategies (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 1999), 127-49.
“The False Promise of Economic Sanctions,” in Mark Charlton, ed., Cross Currents: International Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, rev. ed. (Toronto: ITP Nelson, 1999), 525-29.
David Black, Maxwell A. Cameron, Andrew F. Cooper, Mark Neufeld, Heather Smith, and KRN, “Roundtable on Canadian Foreign Policy,” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 6 (Spring 1999), 1-24.
“Congress and Canada,” in Robert A. Pastor and Rafael Fernández de Castro, eds., The Controversial Pivot: The U.S. Congress and North America (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), 50-69.
Richard A. Higgott and KRN,“Australia and the Search for a Security Community in the 1990s,” in Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, eds., Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 265-94.
“An Ambassador by Any Other Name? Provincial Representatives Abroad,” in Robert Wolfe, ed., Diplomatic Missions: The Ambassador in Canadian Foreign Policy (Kingston: Queen’s University School of Policy Studies, 1998), 161-73.
“Comparing Australian and Canadian Responses,” in Stephen Alomes and Michael Provis, eds., French Worlds, Pacific Worlds: French Nuclear Testing in Australia’s Backyard (Port Melbourne: Institute for Australian Studies, Deakin University, 1998), 113-29.
“Playing the International Card? The View from Australia, Canada, and the United States,” in Gerard A. Postiglione and James T.H. Tang, eds., Hong Kong’s Reunion with China: The Global Dimensions (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), 79-101.
Louis F. Nastro and KRN, “The Commitment-Capability Gap: Implications for Canadian Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era,” Canadian Defence Quarterly 27 (Autumn 1997), 19-22.
KRN and Richard Stubbs, “Mahathir’s Malaysia: An Emergent Middle Power?’ in Andrew F. Cooper, ed., Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers in the Post-Cold War Era (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), 147-63.
Andrew F. Cooper and KRN, “The Middle Powers in the Gulf Coalition: Australia, Canada, and the Nordics Compared,” in Andrew Bennett, Joseph Lepgold, and Danny Unger, eds., Friends in Need: Burden Sharing in the Persian Gulf War (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997), 269-95.
“Anything but Provincial: The Provinces and Foreign Affairs,” in Christopher Dunn, ed., Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics (Toronto: Broadview Press, 1996), 503-518.
George MacLean and KRN, “Building Bridges for Trade: The Economic Impact of Ontario-China Relations,” in Jayant Lele and Kwasi Ofori-Yeboah, eds., Unravelling the Asian Miracle: Explorations in Development Strategies, Geopolitics and Regionalism (Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1996), 203-17.
“Australian and Canadian Policy towards Southeast Asia,” in David Wurfel and Bruce Burton, eds., Southeast Asia in the New World Order: The Political Economy of a Dynamic Region (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), 186-203.
“The Democratization of Canadian Foreign Policy: The Elusive Ideal,” in Maxwell A. Cameron and Maureen Appel Molot, eds., Canada Among Nations, 1995: Democracy and Foreign Policy (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1995), 29-43.
“Rationality and Non-rationality in Canadian Defence Policy,” in David B. Dewitt and David Leyton-Brown, eds., Canada’s International Security Policy (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1995), 351-64.
“The Politics of Circumspection: Canadian Policy towards the Soviet Union, 1985-1991,” International Journal of Canadian Studies 9 (Spring 1994), 27-45.
“Quantum Leaping: The Gulf Debate in Australia and Canada,” in Michael McKinley, ed., The Gulf War: Critical Perspectives (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), 48-71.
“Contending Explanations for the Amalgamation of External Affairs,” in Donald Story, ed., The Canadian Foreign Service in Transition (Toronto: Scholars’ Press, 1993), 37-58.
George MacLean and KRN, “Triangular Dynamics: Australian States, Canadian Provinces, and Relations with China,” in Brian Hocking, ed., Foreign Relations and Federal States (London: Leicester University Press, 1993), 170-89.
Richard A. Higgott and KRN, “Policy Convergence and Bureaucratic Learning: Trade and Foreign Affairs,” in Patrick Weller, John Forster and Glyn Davis, eds., Reforming the Public Service: Lessons from Recent Experience (Melbourne: Macmillan Australia, 1993), 148-63.
“Middle Power Diplomacy in the Changing Asia-Pacific Order: Australia and Canada Compared,” in Richard Leaver and James L. Richardson, eds., The Post-Cold War Order: Diagnoses and Prognoses (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993), 210-23; republished in North America as Charting the Post-Cold War Order (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993).
“The Limits of Linking Aid and Trade to Human Rights,” in Mark Charlton and Elizabeth Riddell-Dixon, eds., Cross Currents: International Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Toronto: Nelson Canada, 1993), 443-50.
“The Impact of Provincial Governments on Canadian Foreign Policy,” in Douglas M. Brown and Earl H. Fry, eds., States and Provinces in the International Economy (Berkeley, CA: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, University of California at Berkeley, 1993), 233-43.
Andrew Fenton Cooper, Richard A. Higgott, and KRN, “Bound to Follow? Leadership and Followership in the Gulf Conflict,” Political Science Quarterly 106 (Fall 1991): 391-410; reprinted in: Mark Charlton and Elizabeth Riddell-Dixon, eds., Cross Currents: International Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Toronto: Nelson Canada, 1993): 66-77; Demetrios Caraley and Cerentha Harris, eds., New World Politics: Power, Ethnicity and Democracy (New York: Academy of Political Science, 1993): 129-48.
“Succumbing to the Dumbbell: Canadian Perspectives on NATO in the 1990s,” in Barbara McDougall, Kim Richard Nossal, Alex Morrison and Joseph T. Jockel, Canada and NATO: The Forgotten Ally? (Cambridge: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1992), 17-32.
“A European Nation? The Life and Times of Atlanticism in Canada,” in John English and Norman Hillmer, eds., Making a Difference? Canada’s Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992), 79-102; also published in translation as «Un pays européen ? L’histoire de l’atlantisme au Canada », dans La politique étrangère canadienne dans un ordre international en mutation. Une volonté de se démarquer ? (Québec, Centre québécois de relations internationales, 1992), 131-160.
William D. Coleman and KRN, “The State, War and Business in Canada, 1939-1945,” in Wyn Grant, Jan Nekkers, and Frans van Waarden, eds., Organising Business for War: Corporatist Economic Organisation during the Second World War (Providence: Berg Publishers, 1991), 47-73.
“Canadian Sanctions against South Africa: Explaining the Mulroney Initiatives, 1985-86,” Journal of Canadian Studies 25 (Winter 1990-91): 17-33.
“Opening up the Black Box: The Decision-Making Approach to International Politics,” in David G. Haglund and Michael K. Hawes, eds., World Politics: Power, Interdependence and Dependence (Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990), 531-52.
“‘Micro-Diplomacy’: The Case of Ontario and Economic Sanctions against South Africa,” in William M. Chandler and Christian W. Zöllner, eds., Challenges to Federalism: Policy-Making in Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1989), 235-50.
“Necessary and Sufficient Conditions: The Inertial Factor in Canadian Sanctions against Vietnam,” in Richard Stubbs, comp., Vietnam: Facing the 1990s, Asia Papers 1 (Toronto: Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, 1989), 61-79.
“Mixed Motives Revisited: Canada’s Interest in Development Assistance,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 21 (March 1988): 35-56; reprinted in Robert O. Matthews, Arthur G. Rubinoff and Janice Gross Stein, eds., International Conflict and Conflict Management: Readings in World Politics, 2nd ed. (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1989): 247-61.
“Cabin’d, Cribb’d, Confin’d?: Canada’s Interests in Human Rights,” in Robert O. Matthews and Cranford Pratt, eds., Human Rights in Canadian Foreign Policy (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988), 46-58.
Lauren McKinsey and KRN, “Introduction: The American Alliances and Canadian-American Relations,” in McKinsey and Nossal, eds., America’s Alliances, 13-31.
“The Dilemmas of Alliancemanship: Cohesion and Disintegration in the American Alliances,” in McKinsey and Nossal, eds., America’s Alliances, 32-51.
“Political Leadership and Foreign Policy: Trudeau and Mulroney,” in Leslie Pal and David Taras, eds., Prime Ministers and Premiers: Political Leadership and Public Policy in Canada (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1988), 112-23.
“Polar Icebreakers: The Politics of Inertia,” in Franklyn Griffiths, ed., Politics of the Northwest Passage (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987), 216-38.
“Economic Sanctions in the League of Nations and the United Nations,” in David Leyton-Brown, ed., The Utility of International Economic Sanctions (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 7-21.
“Economic Nationalism and Continental Integration: Assumptions, Arguments and Advocacies,” in The Collected Research Studies/The Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada, vol. 29: The Politics of Canada’s Economic Relationship with the United States, Denis Stairs and Gilbert R. Winham, eds., (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1985), 55-94; also published as « Le nationalisme économique et l’intégration continentale : hypothèses, arguments et causes » dans Les Études/Commission royale d’enquête sur l’union économique et les perspectives de développement du Canada, vol. 29: Les dimensions politiques des rapports entre le Canada et les États-Unis, Denis Stairs et G.R. Winham (dirs) (Ottawa: Approvisionnements et services Canada, 1986), 64-98.
“Doctrine and Canadian Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Bilateralism as a Policy Idea,” in Guy Gosselin, ed., La politique étrangère du Canada: Approches bilatérale et régionale (Québec: Centre québécois de relations internationales, 1984), 59-86.
“Bureaucratic Politics and the Westminster Model,” in Robert O. Matthews, Arthur G. Rubinoff and Janice Gross Stein, eds., International Conflict and Conflict Management: Readings in World Politics, 1st and 2nd eds. (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1984 and 1989).
“Institutionalization and the Pacific Settlement of Interstate Conflict: The Case of Canada and the International Joint Commission,” Journal of Canadian Studies 18 (Winter 1983-84): 75-87.
“Analyzing the Domestic Sources of Canadian Foreign Policy,” International Journal 39:1 (Winter 1983-84): 1-21; reprinted in Duane Bratt and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds., Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy: Classic Debates and New Ideas (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2007): 163-75.
“Personal Diplomacy and National Behaviour: Trudeau’s North-South Initiatives,” Dalhousie Review 62 (Summer 1982): 278-91.
“The Unmaking of Garrison: United States Politics and the Management of Canadian-American Boundary Waters,” Behind the Headlines 37 (November 1978): 30 pp.
“Retreat, Retraction and Reconstruction: Canada and Indochina in the Post-Hostilities Period,” in Gordon P. Means, ed., The Past in Southeast Asia’s Present (Ottawa: Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies, 1978), 171-81.
Stephen Harper, “Rediscovering the Right Agenda,” Citizens Centre Report Magazine, 10 June 2003, 72–77. For many years, Harper’s 2003 Civitas speech could only be found on-line in Cannabis Culture magazine. That site has now taken the speech down. It is reproduced here.